Chinese authorities are investigating Xu Ying, deputy head of China’s State Tobacco Monopoly Administration, for suspected “severe violations of disciplines and laws,” reports China Daily, citing the Communist Party’s Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and the National Commission of Supervision.
Xu started his career in the administration in 1988. In March 2014, he became the deputy head of the administration.
Ling Chengxing, former head of China’s State Tobacco Monopoly Administration, has been arrested on suspicion of accepting bribes and abusing power, reports China Daily, citing a May 7 statement by the Supreme People’s Procuratorate.
Among other transgressions, Ling reportedly accepted banquets, sought benefits for relatives in employment and school admissions and secured benefits for others in the cadres selection and appointment.
Ling also accepted gifts, sought special treatment in transportation and medical care for his relatives and used his position to benefit others in business operations, employee hiring and job promotions.
In return, he accepted large amounts of property, according to the allegations.
Originally from Jiangxi province, Ling joined the Communist Party of China in 1977 and began working in 1980. He held positions, including executive vice governor of the province.
Ling was the head of China Tobacco from May 2013 until his retirement in July 2018. He was placed under investigation in October 2023.
A crackdown on vapes has pushed some Chinese companies out of business and encouraged others to prioritize international sales.
By Stefanie Rossel
China is the world’s center of e-cigarette production, accounting for approximately 90 percent of vapor hardware. Between 2022 and 2023, China’s vape product exports increased 12 percent, according to ECigIntelligence. Domestically, however, the vape category seems condemned to disappear, although with over 350 million smokers and an estimated annual smoking-related death rate of more than a million, the country’s potential for reduced-risk products is huge. This year, the country’s vaping population stands at 3.5 million, ECigIntelligence estimates.
The rise of China’s internal vape market was short-lived. Initially, there was little awareness of e-cigarettes in the country. In 2013, domestic vape sales surpassed $13.75 million, and the sector continued to grow rapidly until November 2021, when China’s State Tobacco Monopoly Administration (STMA), the administrative arm of China National Tobacco Corp., which with around 2.5 trillion cigarettes a year is the world’s largest producer, asserted its authority over the vape industry.
In November 2022, the Electronic Cigarette Management Measures (ECMM) took effect, putting substantial restraints on manufacturers catering to the domestic market. The measures regulate the production, sale, marketing and import and export of all vape products, including cartridges, vape sets and products sold as a combination of cartridges and sets, but not heated-tobacco products, which will be regulated as traditional cigarettes.
It is worth noting that the ECMM legalized an industry whose legal status was previously dubious. Whether the legal space it gives vape manufacturers is enough to keep their domestic business viable is questionable, however; none of the companies approached was prepared to comment on the record.
Among other requirements, the new regulations prohibit the sale of e-cigarettes with flavors other than tobacco on the domestic market. The document also sets a wide range of technical standards, including permitted ingredients and additives, nicotine levels, testing and safety standards and accreditation. Manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers of vape products are required to obtain a license from the STMA and are obliged to process all transactions through an e-cigarette transaction platform overseen by the monopoly. Other measures include prohibition of vape product advertising and a ban on e-cigarette sales through vending machines or any other self-service mechanism.
Shortly after the ECMM entered into force, e-cigarettes became subject to a consumption tax. The rate for the production and import of e-cigarettes is 36 percent while the rate for wholesale is 11 percent.
Sharp Decline
Mercedes Gorgni
The ECMM follows a tightening of other rules, such as the decision at the end of 2019 to ban the online sale and advertising of e-cigarettes in response to concerns about underage vaping. In April 2022, the STMA released a new set of trial policy measures, which sought to control the structure of the e-cigarette industry by regulating where production capacity is concentrated and dictating the distribution of vape product retail outlets.
One-and-a-half years after their introduction, the rules have taken a toll on domestic vape sales. “The market uninterruptedly grew from 2017 up to 2020 when the online ban of e-cigarette sales dampened the growth. However, the increasing popularity of prefilled pods and the increase in prices still generated a 26 percent growth rate compared with 2019 despite the setback in accessibility,” says Mercedes Gorgni, China analyst at ECigIntelligence.
“The peak of the market was reached in 2021 at an estimated RMB19.7 billion ($2.7 billion) with 7 million adult vape users. Regulations in 2022 resulted in a sharp decline in the domestic market. The market value is estimated to have shrunk to RMB9.3 billion in 2023 and 3.8 million users due to restricted flavors, tax-induced price increase and a declining number of retailers offering products.”
The shift in regulations, Gorgni says, posed a challenge for smaller and medium-sized companies within the industry, as adapting became increasingly difficult. “On the other hand, leading firms such as RELX leveraged their superior capabilities and resources to meet these stringent government demands, securing approval by the first half of 2022. RELX was—and still is—the leading brand in China. During 2021–2022, net revenue of Fog Core Technology, RELX’s holding company, saw the impact of the new regulations, dropping from RMB8.5 billion to RMB5.3 billion, with a further decline in 2023 when revenues fell to RMB1.5 billion.”
The new regulatory environment, which favors larger companies capable of meeting the complex technical requirements, has incentivized domestic brands toward seeking opportunities beyond national borders, Gorgni explains. “It’s only natural that leading domestic brands like RELX, Yooz and Moti are now also pivoting their focus toward international markets as a strategic move to diversify their product offerings and mitigate investment risks. At the same time, several Chinese manufacturers are relocating to Southeast Asian countries like Indonesia and Malaysia, making the most of the benefits of lower labor costs and more favorable trade tariffs, thereby enhancing their competitive edge in the global market.”
More recently, RELX’s market share has declined as other, mostly compatible, pod brands are widely sold informally, mainly via online platforms such as WeChat, Douyin or Xiaohongshu, in flavors other than tobacco and flavored disposables. “The illegal or informal market has certainly expanded, especially due to the availability of flavored disposable vapes sold online at significantly lower prices than on vape or retail stores,” says Gorgni.
China’s illicit vape market is significant yet challenging to accurately quantify. With the government intensifying its crackdown on e-cigarettes, physical sales have become increasingly difficult. “However, the online black market is flourishing, offering popular models such as the ‘bubble teacup’ or other designs featuring cartoons, typically coming in sweet flavors and large capacities,” says Gorgni. “Moreover, pods designed to be compatible with RELX devices, indistinguishable in design and available in over 20 flavors from various brands like VS, Yeeg and Zgar, can easily be purchased with just a conversation on WeChat. These vapes are then discreetly shipped to buyers through common mail, a practice that has become widespread with the rise of e-commerce platforms like Taobao. Some vape shops surveyed by ECigIntelligence have also started adapting to this situation, acknowledging that a portion of their customer base prefers to have their purchases mailed to them given the inconvenience of visiting physical stores.”
Focus on Exports
Offline enforcement of e-cigarette sales regulations is stringent, according to Gorgni. “Conversations with the Electronic Cigarette Chamber of Commerce, which represents over 650 manufacturers in Shenzhen, have revealed there will be an increase in government crackdowns over the next four months. This enhanced enforcement aims to limit the growing illegal market for vaping products in China,” she says.
Many retailers have already gone out of business following implementation of the ECMM. Prior to the regulations, the market was flooded with a vast number of specialist and generic e-cigarette retail points, with approximately 190,000 retail stores and 47,500 specialist vape retailers operating across the country, according to Gorgni. “After the new regulations, which required retailers to get authorization to sell e-cigarettes, took effect, the number of specialist retail points plunged to under 15,000, signaling a significant shift in the industry landscape,” she says.
“Retail stores can now apply either for a license to sell e-cigarettes or traditional tobacco, incentivizing retail chains and supermarkets to play safe and possibly to maintain combustible cigarette sales. In 2022, a survey carried by ECigIntelligence showed that more than 70 percent of legal e-cigarette retailers faced financial challenges, with less than 10 percent remaining profitable.”
Online, enforcing the new rules proves more challenging. “Sellers skillfully navigate the digital landscape by continuously opening new accounts, using alternative terms in posts and comments to avoid direct references to e-cigarettes, and engaging with potential customers through comments on popular videos and posts,” says Gorgni. “This method of operating under the radar complicates efforts to monitor and control the online sale of e-cigarettes, underscoring the complexities involved in regulating the digital aspect of the vaping market.”
The regulatory measures were introduced in accordance with the country’s “Healthy China 2030 Plan,” which was released in 2016 and calls for a comprehensive strengthening of tobacco control to reduce the smoking rate to 20 percent among adults over the age of 15 by 2030. So far, progress remains slow. According to Gorgni, more than 25 percent of Chinese aged 18 and over were smokers in 2022, with men making up more than half of the smoking population. “With the focus on regulating e-cigarettes more strictly and limiting the availability of flavored vapes, consumers who previously turned to vaping as an alternative to smoking may revert to traditional cigarettes. It is expected that smoking rates may stabilize or even increase slightly,” she says.
With the increasing focus on exports and the growth of the global vape market, Chinese vape manufacturers will likely continue to prioritize overseas markets due to the challenges and restrictions in their own domestic market. “The export volume of disposable vapes has been rapidly increasing, proving a shift toward international markets,” says Gorgni. “Enforcement being done by governments, like the U.S., is vital to avoid their population accessing low-quality vapes and eventually suffering the consequences. The STMA is aware of this situation and has made its regulations accordingly. Western governments should make use of this and improve communication with its Chinese counterparts to curb contraband practices and protect their own population.”
Stefanie Rossel is Tobacco Reporter’s editorial contributor. An experienced trade journalist, she combines sharp reporting skills with in-depth knowledge of the tobacco and vapor industries. Prior to joining Tobacco Reporter, Stefanie was editor-in-chief at Tobacco Journal International, where she worked for a decade. Fluent in English, German and French, Stefanie covers tobacco news around the world. She is based in Germany.
John Dunne, director general of the U.K. Vaping Industry Association (UKVIA), traveled to China to educate vape companies on Britain’s changing regulatory landscape.
The U.K. will ban disposable e-cigarettes from April next year, and the Tobacco and Vapes Bill, which is currently working its way through Parliament, seeks to give ministers unprecedented powers to ban flavors and decide how vapes are packaged and sold.
Speaking at the headquarters of the Electronic Cigarette Industry Committee of the China Electronics Chamber of Commerce (ECCC), Dunne shared his expert knowledge to conduct on-site compliance training to some of the world’s leading vape companies, including Elf Bar, SKE, ELUX, HQD, Hangsen, Greensound, Aspire, ICCPP, RELX, ALD, Uwell and Zinwi.
Describing the U.K. regulatory landscape as “complex and changeable,” Dunne said issues such as the protection of minors, battery recycling and environmental protection were high on the agenda of politicians, regulators and the general public.
“It is absolutely vital that all companies operating in the U.K. are fully compliant with all local laws and work at all times to show the industry in the best possible light,” he said in a statement.
Dunne said the UKVIA would continue to work with the ECCC to help members comply with current requirements, prepare for future regulatory change and to foster global cooperation to promote the development and prosperity of the global vaping industry.
The Communist Party of China has expelled Ling Chengxing, former head of the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration, reports The China Daily, citing an April 22 announcement by the country’s top anti-graft watchdogs.
According to the Communist Party of China Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and the National Commission of Supervision, Ling violated the party’s disciplines, committed duty-related illegalities and is suspected of bribery and abuse of authority.
Among other transgressions, Ling accepted banquets, sought benefits for relatives in employment and school admissions, and secured benefits for others in the cadres selection and appointment, the agency said.
Liang also accepted gifts, sought special treatment in transportation and medical care for his relatives and used his position to benefit others in business operations, employee hiring and job promotions.
In return he accepted large amounts of property, according to the allegations.
Originally from Jiangxi province, Ling joined the Party in 1977 and began working in 1980. He held positions, including executive vice-governor of the province.
Ling was the head of China Tobacco from May 2013 until his retirement in July 2018. He was placed under investigation in October 2023.
Malawi authorities are urging farmers to tap into the Chinese tobacco and soybeans markets, reports Xinhua.
During the Agriculture Investment Conference on April 19 in Lilongwe, Alfred Mwenifumbo, controller of agriculture, extension and technical services, said sales to China would boost foreign exchange earnings and strengthen the economy.
Dominated by smallholder growers, Malawi’s tobacco industry could benefit greatly from the Chinese market, Mwenifumbo said. He encouraged large-scale farmers to join the industry to improve the quality of Malawian tobacco and compete with other countries.
Mwenifumbo suggested that Malawi could increase its forex earnings by up to 30 times if more commercial farmers with large landholdings entered the industry and accessed the Chinese market, noting that existing investors are ready to support local farmers in expanding their operations to seize market opportunities.
The conference also discussed the investment potential in crops such as macadamia nuts, groundnuts, wheat and maize, highlighting their significant returns.
Tobacco Reporter highlighted Malawi’s efforts to diverse its economy in its June 2023 issue (see “Broadening the Base”).
The former deputy chief of China’s State Tobacco Monopoly Administration, He Zehua, pled guilty to accepting bribes worth over CNY943 million ($130 million) during a trial in Liaoning province, reports China Daily. The case was publicly heard by the Dalian Intermediate People’s Court.
Prosecutors alleged that from 1998 to 2023, He used his various work posts in the country’s tobacco system to seek benefits for relevant people and departments in business operations, business contracting, job promotion and employment in return for monetary bribes. After leaving his work posts, prosecutors alleged, he sought profits for individuals and organizations in tobacco-related business contracting and bank solicitation for monetary bribes as well.
Chinese liquor company Luzhou Laojiao and Cuban cigar company Habanos SA have signed a strategic agreement to jointly expand their markets.
During the 24th Habano Festival in Havana, Cuba, Zhang Biao, general manager of Luzhou Laojiao, highlighted the similarities between Luzhou Laojiao’s liquor and Cuban cigars, noting that the cooperation will strengthen the commercial ties between China and Cuba.
The agreement includes a joint product through co-branding, with the Chinese company handling the marketing. José María López, vice president of development at Habanos, said that this partnership is based on shared values such as craftsmanship, quality and leadership, highlighting the “perfect match” between Chinese liquors and Cuban cigars.
Habanos executives reported that China is one of the most dynamic markets for Cuban cigar sales. The country contributed heavily to a 31 percent increase in Cuban cigar sales in 2023, reaching a total of $721 million.
The signing of the Memorandum of Understanding aims to explore new avenues of cooperation for both companies. Luzhou Laojiao, one of China’s oldest liquors, has been produced in the National Treasure Cellars since 1573, with distillation technology dating back 700 years.
The collaboration will focus specifically on Luzhou Laojiao’s “Guojiao 1573” brand and Habanos Corporation’s Cohiba Atmosphere brand. In addition, seven Guojiao 1573 brand liqueurs were auctioned along with during the festival’s humidor auction, with the funds raised going to public health initiatives in Cuba.
“This strategic agreement strengthens commercial ties between China and Cuba in the liquor and cigar industries,” according to a press release.
A former deputy manager of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. pleaded guilty on Jan. 25 to taking more than CNY354 million ($50 million) in bribes, reports China Daily.
Prosecutors accused Gu Bo of taking advantage of his positions from 1999 to 2018 to assist others in their business activities in return for illegal payments.
Gu was placed under disciplinary review and supervisory investigation in January 2023. He is the fourth China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial official to be investigated for corruption since last year.
In 2023, authorities probed the activities of Zhang Shuichang, Zhu Shaoming and Wu Yi.
Customs officers in Hong Kong reported that the agency had impounded more than 650 million black market cigarettes worth HK$2.25 billion ($287.8 million) last year, the largest annual cash value in more than two decades, according to media reports.
The seized cigarettes would have generated about HK$1.54 billion in tax revenue, also a record, over the same period, according to an undisclosed source.
Last year’s total number of cigarettes seized was lower than the 732 million impounded in 2022, although the value was higher. Last year’s record seizure coincided with a 31 percent tobacco tax increase in February, which raised the average cost of a pack of 20 cigarettes by HK$12 to more than HK$70.
A pack on the black market costs HK$18 to HK$38.
The source said the confiscated tobacco products were stored in government warehouses currently, pending court proceedings or further investigations before being destroyed and buried at landfill sites.
He added customs officials would boost efforts to combat crime syndicates that tried to take advantage of busy logistics services in the run-up to the Lunar New Year to smuggle cigarettes into the city.
