TobaccoReporter logo

Blog

  • Growers Discuss Tobacco’s Prospects

    Growers Discuss Tobacco’s Prospects

    Photo: ITGA

    Tobacco growers’ representatives from Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic and the United States gathered in Salta, Argentina, to discuss the challenges and opportunities facing their sector during the International Tobacco Growers’ Association (ITGA) 2023 Americas Meeting.

    In addition to dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic, tobacco growers have struggled with skyrocketing production cost, stagnating leaf prices and increasing regulatory pressures. To cope with the challenges, ITGA member associations have been urging their respective governments to support the sector. The ITGA urges international institutions to respect tobacco growers and include them in the debates where their future is being decided.

    Key discussion points during the regional meeting included the World Health Organization’s Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) and the Conference of the FCTC Parties (COP), which is scheduled to take place in Panama this year. ITGA representatives deplored the COP’s lack of transparency and resistance to include industry representatives in its deliberations. Since COP4 in 2010, meetings have not been held in public.

    ITGA President Jose J. Aranda highlighted the steps Argentinian growers have taken to ensure the livelihoods of local farmers. Aranda underlined the multitude of threats facing tobacco, including cost of production and climate issues, and the stigmatization of the sector, which he stressed operates in a legal market and complies with all the regulations imposed on it.

    ITGA CEO Mercedes Vazquez recognized the pioneering spirit of Argentinian tobacco growers and their substantial contribution to local economies. She commended Argentina’s Special Tobacco Fund, a unique provision that has enabled tobacco growers to make a dignified profit margin from their work.

    Michiel Reerink, director of corporate affairs at Alliance One International, examined the global regulatory environment while Benjamin Dessart, vice president of external affairs at Universal Leaf, reviewed the latest legislative initiatives in the Americas region.

    ITGA Manager of Tobacco Industry Analysis Ivan Genov evaluated the threats and opportunities for tobacco growers. These include the rising costs of production, political and economic uncertainty, along with a disequilibrium of supply and demand for tobacco leaf.

    ITGA member associations shared the latest crop estimates and discussed the issues in their respective markets. Special attention was paid to the situation in the host country, Argentina, where out-of-control inflation is causing serious obstacles for growers. Argentinian associations also highlighted several sustainability initiatives to tackle social and environmental issues.

    The participants in the meeting agreed that they will have to work closely together to tackle the increasing challenges facing the sector.

  • Taat to Acquire Smoking Cessation App

    Taat to Acquire Smoking Cessation App

    Photo: Gilles Paire

    Taat Global Alternatives plans to acquire Break Free, a smartphone application designed to provide smoking cessation strategy recommendations, from Boksburg Ventures, according to a Taat press release. Taat anticipates that Break Free could play a strategic role in the marketplace positioning of its flagship product Taat, a nicotine-free and tobacco-free alternative to tobacco cigarettes.

    Break Free uses a holistic approach to first monitor and track smoking-related habits of adult tobacco users, analyze the habits and then suggest customized changes that are specific to each adult smoker to ensure personalized care and attention.

    The Break Free mobile app uses state-of-the-art technologies, including a companion diagnostics module to help adult smokers personalize and customize the use of currently available U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved smoking cessation devices, augmented and virtual reality mental health simulations, and circadian rhythm sensors to monitor actigraphy, sleep/wake cycles and snoring.

    The app has not yet been made available to consumers and remains subject to further development. Upon completion of the proposed transaction, Taat plans to complete the development of the app for use by consumers on the Android and iOS smartphone platforms by integrating additional features that are currently under patent applications with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

    Subject to approval by at least two-thirds of the votes cast at Boksburg’s shareholders meeting scheduled on April 10, 2023, Taat has agreed to issue to Boksburg on closing an aggregate of 17 million common shares of Taat at a deemed value of $0.3225 per consideration share and $3.6 million of working capital.

  • Researchers Propose New Definition of COPD

    Researchers Propose New Definition of COPD

    Photo: Chinnapong

    While smoking plays a key pathogenic role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), other factors play a role as well, according to the authors of the 2023 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) report.

    To better reflect the varied contributors to COPD, the report proposes a new definition of COPD.

    The GOLD 2023 report defines COPD as “a heterogeneous lung condition characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms (dyspnea, cough, expectoration, exacerbations) due to abnormalities of the airways (bronchitis, bronchiolitis) and/or alveoli (emphysema) that cause persistent, often progressive, airflow obstruction.”

    “The updated definition focuses on patient characteristics that then allows us to go into etiology and diagnostic criteria in more detail separately,” said MeiLan Han, chief of pulmonary and critical care medicine at the University of Michigan and a co-author of the GOLD 2023 report, in a statement. “This is important because we now can better emphasize all of the factors that can contribute to COPD beyond tobacco exposure.”

    In low-income and middle-income countries, which contribute to over 85 percent of all COPD cases worldwide, “nonsmoking COPD may be responsible for up to 60 [percent] to 70 percent of cases,” noted the report’s authors. Other risk factors, they said, include environmental factors, such as indoor and outdoor air pollution; lung development and aging; socioeconomic status; asthma and airway hyper-reactivity; and infections.

  • BAT Releases Combined Annual and ESG Report

    BAT Releases Combined Annual and ESG Report

    Image: Celt Studio | Adobe Stock

    BAT has issued its first Combined Annual and ESG Report, which embeds detailed information on sustainability and environmental, social and governance (ESG) into its statutory annual report.

    New and updated targets have also been announced in the report, including: achieving a 30 percent renewable energy target by 2025, two years early, resulting in a revised target of 50 percent renewable energy by 2030; increasing the initial target of 15 percent reduction in waste from BAT’s operations by 2025 to 25 percent; expanding the scope of BAT’s 100 percent reusable, recyclable or compostable packaging commitment, beyond just plastic, by 2025; and setting a new target of zero conversion of natural ecosystems in its tobacco supply chain by 2025.

    “BAT is proud to further enhance its sustainability reporting with its first Combined Annual and ESG Report,” said Mike Nightingale, BAT’s chief sustainability officer. “Sustainability and ESG matters are increasingly recognized as having a significant impact both on society and on how well a company performs. A combined report shows our strong commitment to transparent reporting and integrating sustainability and ESG matters into how we manage our business.

    “We are making good progress in advancing our sustainability strategy and building ‘A Better Tomorrow.’ We are reducing the health impact of our business and further increasing our ambitions as we drive our business transformation. In 2022, for example, we increased the number of consumers using our noncombustible products to 22.5 million while at the same time reducing Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions by 15 percent versus 2021. We know we have more to do and look forward to delivering on our ambitious targets.”

    This report also includes results of BAT’s first Double Materiality Assessment, an approach to assessing impacts that helps the company to further shape the most important sustainability priorities and actions. Such an approach looks not only at how its business impacts sustainability issues but also how sustainability-related matters impact its business.

  • MEPs Ignorant about New Nicotine Products

    MEPs Ignorant about New Nicotine Products

    Image: pathdoc | Adobe Stock

    Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) are less aware of key issues surrounding new nicotine products than in previous years despite being asked to vote on important new legislation concerning the topic in the coming months, according to a new survey, reports BusinessWire.

    The third annual survey, conducted by business intelligence researcher Tamarind Intelligence, publisher of ECigIntelligence and TobaccoIntelligence, shows that the more MEPs know about new nicotine products (e-cigarettes, nicotine pouches and heated tobacco), the more likely they are to consider that these products are less harmful than cigarettes.

    The report shows that: MEPs rarely believe that new nicotine products are as harmful as smoking—only 19 percent of responses, the lowest number since the annual survey was launched in 2020—and a majority believe they are less harmful than smoking; MEPs with no knowledge of new nicotine products are becoming far more likely to acknowledge that they don’t know the risks; MEPs with some knowledge of new nicotine products strongly tend to believe (76 percent of responses) that they are less harmful than smoking; and while very few MEPs consider that new nicotine products should be more restricted than traditional tobacco, and a majority believe online sales should be allowed for adults (with age verification), more MEPs are unsure how they should be regulated than in previous years.

    “Our third annual MEP survey results are particularly relevant given the recent launch of the European Commission’s public consultation on evaluating the legislative framework for tobacco control at the end of February 2023 and the adoption by the European Parliament of the BECA committee’s recommendations over a year ago,” said Tim Phillips, managing director of Tamarind Intelligence. “As some of the questions in the commission’s consultation are similar to the ones we asked in our MEP survey, it will be fascinating to see if MEPs’ views on the topic of new nicotine products will be in line with responses to the public consultation.”

    The survey was carried out online and anonymously, and all data from it remains confidential other than as used in consolidated analysis. The survey was sent to all MEPs (from all member states and political parties), and responses were obtained from 43 MEPs representing 6 percent of the European Parliament.

  • Scandinavian Completes Share Buyback

    Scandinavian Completes Share Buyback

    Image: Dzmitry | Adobe Stock

    Scandinavian Tobacco Group has completed its share buyback program, which was initiated on March 9, 2022, and which was increased on May 19, 2022, to an aggregated value of up to DKK1 billion ($143.08 million). As of Feb. 28, 2023, Scandinavian Tobacco Group has purchased a total of 6,114,093 shares with an aggregated transaction value of DKK775 million.

    The purpose of the program has been to adjust the company’s capital structure and meet obligations relating to the group’s share-based incentive program. At the annual general meeting on April 13, 2023, the board of directors intends to propose a reduction of the company’s share capital as result of the share buyback.

    In related news, Scandinavian Tobacco Group completed the acquisition of substantially all assets of Alec Bradley Cigar Distributors and associated companies.

  • The Gamechanger

    The Gamechanger

    Photo courtesy of Hindustan Adhesives

    Hindustan Adhesives says its new tear tape is 100 percent sustainable without compromising strength, flexibility and runnability.

    TR Staff Report

    Hindustan Adhesives, part of the fast-growing Bagla Group of companies from India, is a leading global supplier of packaging materials, such as tear tapes, carton sealing tapes and POF shrink film.

    Founded and led by Managing Director Madhusudan Bagla, the company has been active for more than 30 years and has supplied its products to more than 30 countries, with a focus on innovative and environmentally friendly packaging.

    Hindustan Adhesives specializes in the production of tear tapes ranging in width from 1.6 mm to 12 mm and ranging in length between 5 km and 120 km. Available in several colors and designs, these products include self-adhesive tear tapes, up to six-color printed tear tapes, carton tear tapes, heat-activated tear tapes, holographic tear tapes, sustainable tear tapes and specially engineered paper tear tapes.

    Recently, Hindustan Adhesives launched a new range of sustainable tear tapes dubbed The Gamechanger.

    The product was developed in response to bans on single-use plastic in India and other countries. Keen to promote sustainable manufacturing and consumption, India’s federal government in August 2021 amended the country’s Plastic Waste Management Rules from 2016, prohibiting a number of single-use plastic items with high littering potential.

    The legislation took effect July 1, 2022. To comply with the new requirements and at the same time keep their customers satisfied, Indian cigarette manufacturers required a tear tape that would not only be 100 percent sustainable but would also be cost effective and have the same strength and clarity as existing tear tapes.

    Madhusudan Bagla

    “As single-use plastic bans come into effect globally, packaging makers are looking for new ways to eliminate plastics and incorporate more sustainable elements into their designs,” said Bagla. “At Bagla Group, we have also been identifying new ways to help our customers design sustainable packaging solutions while maintaining the performance of traditionally plastic-based tear tapes.”

    Replacing a 30-year-old widely used product is a tall order, however, and required changing the mindset of customers who had become accustomed to the strength, flexibility and smooth runnability of the established tear tapes. Compared with their plastic counterparts, many existing sustainable tear tapes had limitations in those areas.

    Bagla was determined to overcome those limitations. After numerous trials, changes in recipes and processes, his company developed a product that was not only sustainable but also had qualities similar to those of the MOPP 26-micron tear tapes. Thus, The Gamechanger was introduced in India.

    “They thought we couldn’t do it, but we surprised our customers and competitors alike,” said Bagla, who went on to express his appreciation for the tobacco companies’ support, guidance and feedback “without which this product would not be possible.”

    The base film is derived from renewable resources and is compostable according to DIN EN 13432:2000-12, DIN EN 14995:2007-03 and ASTM D6400:2012-01 as well as D6868 and ISO 17088: 2008, among other certifications. It is also formulated to comply with EU legislation for most food contact applications.

    Hindustan Adhesives started developing The Gamechanger in 2021 and commenced trials on customer machines in January 2022. During the development process, the company overcame several challenges. One was the lead time of the base material. The disruption to international transportation due to Covid-19 and other factors caused shortages. Through clever planning and strategizing, Hindustan Adhesives managed to prevent disruptions to its customers.

    Another challenge was the process. The sustainable tape has different requirements than standard MOPP tape in terms of adhesives, which requires some equipment and operator adjustments. This is where Hindustan Adhesives’ experienced R&D and quality control teams came in. The marketing team, in turn, was instrumental in distributing the product for sampling, testing and visual inspection.

    “Our team went to each and every customer’s factory and ensured smooth running by giving various tips and tricks,” said Bagla. “I am immensely proud of our team and thank them for all their efforts, right from purchasing raw materials to making the product and selling it.”

    After identifying all opportunities for improvement and optimizing the product, Hindustan Adhesives released its product in India. The Gamechanger quickly captured 100 percent of India’s sustainable tear tapes market, with Hindustan Adhesives selling the product to all cigarette manufacturers in the country, according to Bagla. Since the single-use plastic ban took effect, the company’s overall tear tape sales have increased by 60 percent.

    But Hindustan Adhesives’ commitment to sustainability does not end after the product has been manufactured; it also includes getting certifications from national and international bodies. Over the past 15 months, the company has earned certifications from the Central Pollution Control Board of India and the Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering and Technology in India.

    Following its success in India, Hindustan Adhesives is already looking at opportunities abroad. “We have captured the domestic market through our efforts in innovation and development,” said Bagla. “We would now like to introduce this product globally so as to do our bit for the global environment.”

    As part of its efforts to promote its sustainable tear tape internationally, Hindustan Adhesives will be participating in TabExpo Bologna, May 10–11. Encouraged by the product’s success in India, Bagla is confident that international customers, too, will soon understand why the company’s new tear tape is called The Gamechanger.

  • Habanos Revenues Reach $545 Million

    Habanos Revenues Reach $545 Million

    Credit: Timothy S. Donahue

    Habanos S.A. has announced it generated $545 million in revenue in 2022. It’s nearly a 2 percent boost over its 2021 revenue, a representative of the manufacturing and distribution arm of the Cuban cigar industry told Tobacco Reporter during its coverage of the 23rd edition of the Habano Festival on Monday.

    The company also stated that its largest markets for cigar sales are Spain, France, Germany, China and Switzerland, consecutively. These are the same five top countries as 2021, though China was listed second and France was listed fourth.

    Globally, Europe, with a 53.7 percent market share, continues to hold the top spot for regional sales, however, its percentage was the only region to experience a decline in sales. Europe is followed by the Asia-Pacific region (19.3 percent), the Americas (15.3 percent), and Africa/Middle East (11.7 percent).

    “These results reflect the perfect combination of the passion we all feel in this wonderful Habano business and the strength of our brands,” said Maritza Carrillo González and Luis Sánchez-Harguindey Pardo de Vera, co-presidents of Habanos S.A., in a press release. “They put the cherry on top of the unique tobacco that grows in this land and that offers unparalleled moments and experiences to aficionados from all over the world.”

    Habanos says it grew its worldwide network of official sales outlets by 10 percent in 2022. It also announced the current count of its cigar retail experiences as follows:

    • 17 Cohiba Atmosphere locations (20 in 2021)
    • 157 La Casa del Habano stores (160 in 2021)
    • 1,264 Habanos Specialists (1,217 in 2021)
    • 2,744 Habanos Point designated stores (2,465 in 2021)
    • 587 Habanos Lounge and Habanos Terrace locations (486 in 2021)

    Last year, Habanos S.A. announced a new “global pricing standard,” which greatly increased the prices of Cuban cigars around the world. The company has already announced at least two additional price increases for 2023.

    Habanos reported a turnover of $568 million in 2021, up 15 percent growth over the previous year.

  • A Never-Ending Fight

    A Never-Ending Fight

    Photo: Yuri Arcurs/peopleimages.com

    The illicit cigarette trade continues to plague the tobacco industry in the Balkans.

    By Vladislav Vorotnikov

    Over the past decades, the illegal cigarette business has been flourishing in Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina, causing pain not only to the Balkans but also to the European Union. In recent years, the battle against nonregistered tobacco plantations and underground cigarette factories has seemingly intensified, but complete victory remains beyond the horizon.

    Serbia is the largest tobacco market in the Western Balkans. In 2022, legal sales stood close to $2.2 billion compared to roughly $900 million in Bosnia and Herzegovina and $95 million in Montenegro. It is estimated that smokers account for 40 percent of the population in Montenegro and 30 percent in Serbia as well as in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

    The size of the illegal tobacco market in the Western Balkans is one of the hallmarks of the region. Its share varies significantly across the region. Illegal products account for 6.5 percent of tobacco consumption in Serbia, 20.3 percent in Bosnia and Herzegovina and 27.9 percent in Montenegro, a survey conducted by international nongovernmental organization the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime (GIATC) showed. Some other analysts put the size of the illegal sales in Serbia at 15 percent.

    The picture is believed to be similar in Albania and Northern Macedonia, where no comprehensive studies aiming to calculate the share of illegal tobacco products in retail sales have been made in the past several years.

    Satellites Against Criminals

    Serbia is a pioneer in using satellite technologies in fighting against illegal tobacco plantations.

    In 2022, law enforcement agencies seized 142 tons of illegal tobacco leaf and tobacco products in Serbia, the tobacco administration of the Serbian finance ministry said in its annual report. This is lower than in the previous years, which indicates that the battle against tobacco plantations has finally started paying off.

    The positive developments are attributed mainly to new technologies that the state phytosanitary inspection employs with help from tobacco factories, said Goran Pekez, director of corporate affairs of Japan Tobacco International’s (JTI) Serbian office.

    To battle against illegal plantations, the Serbian authorities took measures unprecedented for this part of the world. The government has launched a group of satellites to survey the terrain with the aim of identifying all plots where tobacco leaf is illegally grown, Pekez said. Serbia is a pioneer in using satellite technologies in fighting against illegal tobacco plantations.

    Using space technologies is expensive, but the efforts already bear fruits. “The success of the satellite system can be seen in the results of the control measures, which are showing improvements every year. In the last five years, illegal tobacco plantations in Serbia have been almost eradicated,” Pekez said, estimating that during this period, roughly 800 tons of illegal tobacco were seized, preventing damage to the Serbian budget of around $453 million.

    When discovered, all illegal plantations are destroyed in order to prevent illicit tobacco from ending up in the supply chain. Still, some officials, acknowledging the positive impact of the satellite imaging, argue that it is unlikely to completely take down the illegal tobacco business in the Balkan region. One of the problems is that satellites primarily search for large tobacco farms, frequently overlooking smaller plantations.

    In 2022, Serbian tobacco producers donated four drones and accompanying equipment worth $1.2 million to the phytosanitary inspections to improve control of illegal tobacco plantations in the country, Pekez said.

    The legal tobacco industry continues to invest in Serbia. In December 2022, JTI inaugurated a new production line at its Senta facility. (Photo: Goverment of Serbia)

    Deep Routes, Strong Ties

    Currently, the illegal tobacco trade negatively impacts the economies of each Balkan country, but it has not always been that way. In the 1990s, cigarette smuggling became a means of survival for Montenegro, which extremely needed money to fund armed forces during the Balkan War. The turmoil of those bloody years laid the ground for what some analysts describe as the largest illegal tobacco industry in Europe.

    “Many of the high business and political elite today are still connected to cigarette smuggling,” the GIATC survey discovered, adding that a share of illegal cigarettes is destined for local markets, but large quantities are also smuggled to the European Union and some other countries.

    For example, in 2021, law enforcement agencies discovered a channel through which at least 840 million counterfeit cigarettes, known in the Balkans under the common name cheap-white, had been smuggled from Montenegro on fishing boats and small cargo ships to the Mediterranean. The Montenegrin port of Bar is currently known as the key European hub for cigarette smuggling.

    “The region’s proximity to lucrative markets in Western Europe, its links to North Africa and Turkiye and increased traffic from Latin America and Asia, combined with vulnerabilities linked to corruption, create ideal conditions for criminal networks to engage in such trafficking. The problem seems to be growing,” the GIATC said in another report focused on the Balkan region.

    “Seizures are abundant, but regionally integrated port-oriented security responses remain scarce despite multiple police operations,” it added.

    In addition, the illegal tobacco business in the Western Balkans keeps evolving. While the authorities have seemingly succeeded in fighting against nonregistered tobacco plantations, there are reports about the growing smuggling of raw tobacco, primarily from China. Tobacco smuggling in the Balkans is controlled by organized criminal groups also involved in drug traffic.

    Many of the business and political elite today are still connected to cigarette smuggling.

    Mold, Waste and Animal Excrement

    In the fight against illegal cigarettes, consumers also play an important role. In Serbia, a large share of customers buys counterfeit cigarettes from resellers, Pekez said, attributing this to a considerable price difference with legally manufactured tobacco products.

    Consumers remain loyal to illegal cigarettes even though the possible danger to their health from counterfeit products manufactured in underground factories and workshops, which has been widely covered in recent years by local media.

    “We emphasize that these products, which are not subjected to [sanitary] control and do not meet the standards common for tobacco products, can be dangerous to health—they can often contain numerous harmful ingredients—mold, waste and even animal excrement,” Pekez said.

    The widening gap between counterfeit and legal cigarettes largely determines consumer preferences. A rise in excise rate has doubled the size of the illegal cigarettes market in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the past five years, the GIATC quoted from a source in the local government. Currently, prices also rise in Serbia, which is targeting to put its legislation in line with European regulations.

    From Jan. 1, the price of all types of cigarettes in Serbia will increase by roughly $0.09 per pack due to a rise in excise rate to 33 percent. Under the excise duty schedule adopted in 2020, it will continue to increase gradually until 2025.

    Tobacco Giants Scale Up in Serbia

    Despite the wide presence of counterfeit products on the market, Serbia is the only country in the region where three major global tobacco companies have factories. In Serbia, tobacco has been grown for centuries. Currently, the largest legal tobacco plantations are located in South Pomoravlje and Vojvodina. Several cigarette factories are running in the country, including Philip Morris International; Nis, formerly known as Tobacco Industry Nis; BAT Vranje, previously named Tobacco Industry Vranje; as well as JTI Senta and Monus Cigarettes.

    In December 2022, JTI inaugurated a new production line worth $16 million at its Senta factory and announced a new five-year investment cycle in Serbia worth $51 million.

    “When a Japanese investor comes to a country to invest in it, other investors from around the world also feel comfortable about investing in that country,” Serbian Prime Minister Ana Brnabic said during the opening ceremony. “That is why Japanese investments are so important in these difficult and challenging times.”

    JTI is the only foreign company that is purchasing locally grown tobacco. The new production line will double the capacity of the Senta factory and boost its export potential.

    Other market players also invested in their local operations. In 2020, BAT Vranje started the production of cigarettes under the Dunhill brand.

    The production of Dunhill in Vranje was called to increase BAT’s market share in Serbia and was in line with the company’s strategy to expand its presence in Southeastern Europe, the company said at that time. In addition, new investments were expected to bolster cigarette export from Serbia. The company estimated that it exported a third of its production in Serbia in 2020 compared to only 10 percent in 2016.

    Since emerging in the country in 2003, PMI has invested over $800 million in the Serbian affiliate, remaining one of the country’s largest investors. The Nis factory is one of the most advanced operations in PMI’s global network of factories.

    PMI saw its export from Serbia grow by a factor of 20 times between 2010 and 2020. Aleksandar Jakovljevic, managing director of PMI for Southeast Europe, said that the Nis factory had grown from a facility meant for the market of Serbia into a large regional and global production center, from which products were exported to more than 50 countries of the world.

    In other countries of the region, however, things are not so bright. In 2022, Fabrika Duhana Sarajevo in Bosnia and Herzegovina, one of the oldest tobacco factories, suspended operation due to financial difficulties. The supervisory board of Badeco Adria, owner of the factory, decided to close it down as losses in the previous three years totaled €3.8 million. In 2021, Novi Duvanski Kombinat Podgorica, a tobacco factory in Montenegro, also stopped operation, citing excessive administrative pressure as the main reason for this step.

    Despite the challenges associated with the illegal tobacco business, Serbia is expected to keep expanding cigarette production and export in the coming years, taking advantage of low production costs and its advantageous geographical position. A decisive victory against counterfeit cigarettes could fuel that growth, though it is unlikely to happen in the foreseeable future.

  • A Taxing Issue

    A Taxing Issue

    The uncertainty surrounding the EU unmanufactured tobacco tax is making it increasingly difficult for logistics companies to operate with a sense of security. Photo: Taco Tuinstra

    Freight forwarders struggle with uncertainty as the EU debates whether to tax unmanufactured tobacco.

    By George Gay

    Erik Van Neuten

    Shortly after Erik Van Nueten, a director of Andromeda Tobacco Forwarding and Logistics, joined the Andromeda group in 2006, Tobacco Reporter ran a story on the company’s tobacco division headlined “Outsourcing the hassle.” The heading, which sprang from a comment by Van Nueten, referenced the fact that the company’s tobacco-trader clients could concentrate on what they were good at, buying and selling tobacco, while leaving the rest—the hassle—to Andromeda, the rest being worldwide services such as handling, storage, pest control, transportation, repacking, relabeling, sampling, sample dispatch and the not-inconsiderable associated paperwork.

    Unfortunately for Andromeda, and other companies working in tobacco logistics, while the hassle factor in 2006 was challenging enough, it has increased hugely during the past three years, particularly in the EU, where it might be raised to yet another level in the future.

    It would be crass to describe the Covid pandemic as having been a hassle, because it was and is a tragedy that has taken the lives of millions of people worldwide, that is still taking lives and that has caused major economic damage that, for most people, has meant many and greater hardships. Nevertheless, looked at purely from the point of view of tobacco logistics, Covid has been a hassle, though one that is fading. During a telephone interview toward the end of January, Van Nueten told me, for instance, that the availability of ships and containers was improving and that shipping rates, while still relatively expensive compared with those being charged two years to three years ago, were coming down slowly to acceptable levels, albeit from the ridiculously high levels ushered in by Covid.

    That seems to be the good news. The bad news is that, for various reasons, those shipping rates are unlikely to return to close to where they were.

    Taxing Unmanufactured Tobacco

    In the EU, in parallel with the Covid pandemic but not connected with it, another issue has been brewing during the past three years and more. Van Nueten told me the European Commission was discussing whether unmanufactured tobacco (UT), which is the main tobacco commodity Andromeda deals with and the only tobacco commodity it deals with in the EU, should be subject to excise tax. No proposal has yet been put forward, nor is it known when this might happen. The commission has been reviewing the EU Tobacco Excise Directive (2011/64/EU) and was scheduled to publish proposals in December. But I was told that publication is unlikely during the first half of this year and that, given any decision would require unanimity among member states, discussions could stretch the time frame for any implementation.

    As I understand things, in part at least, the commission wants to include UT within the scope of the excise directive so as to be able to include it also within the scope of its Excise Movement and Control System, which is the computerized system it uses to monitor the movement of excise goods within the EU. I am told that, to achieve such inclusion, the commission needs to create a new fiscal category for UT with a dedicated tax rate. Apparently, the commission could propose a zero percent tax rate for UT, but, even if it did, because the directive provides for only a harmonized minimum level of tobacco taxes throughout member states, individual states could choose to apply higher tax rates.

    And it is at this point that these deliberations seem to collide with business reality. The sorts of uncertainties inherent in the current situation, which have already taken root in the EU, mean it is becoming increasingly difficult for Andromeda and other companies working in the field of logistics to operate with a sense of security. Although Van Nueten would prefer to see the traditional system retained with excise applied to tobacco products, he said the logistics industry could, given time, adapt to a new system. What was difficult was the present situation, which was unclear and made transporting tobacco through the EU frustrating and risky.

    Although Brussels is still discussing whether to subject unmanufactured tobacco to excise tax, some states have already acted as if such a provision exists.

    A Matter of Definition

    Although Brussels is still discussing whether to propose the inclusion of UT within the scope of the EU excise directive and thereby allow member states that wished to do so to tax UT, some states have already acted as if such a provision existed. I was told by somebody who didn’t want to be named that, during the past 18 months or so, two trucks containing UT were stolen in separate incidents while in transit within the EU and that the companies that had issued the original customs documents for the tobacco were held liable for import duties, excise and VAT, an amount thought to be in the region of €4.6 million ($4.95 million) per truck. I later learned that these were not altogether isolated cases.

    These incidents, which seem quite alarming within a region that is supposed to boast a harmonized tobacco tax regime within a single market, probably have their roots in a 2017 EU Court of Justice case involving Eko-Tabak and Generalni reditelstvi cel (General Directorate of Customs, Czech Republic) in which the court was asked to consider the confiscation of goods belonging to the former, which the latter had ruled to be manufactured tobacco subject to excise duty. The case basically involved the definition of “smoking tobacco” within the EU directive, which the court ruled had to be broad and to take into account whether the tobacco could be smoked after simple processing by means of crushing or hand-cutting.

    As a result of this ruling, and despite the fact that the directive applies only to manufactured products, some member states started considering some UT to come within the court’s definition and therefore be subject to excise tax. And clearly, for as long as some states continue to consider UT to be taxable and others don’t, those responsible for transporting tobacco within the EU are going to suffer. Under current arrangements, taxable goods intended for transit need to have special documentation raised by authorized entities in the country of shipment that is then cleared in the country of destination upon arrival. This seems to indicate that if UT were sent from country A, where excise was applied to such a product, to country B, where no such excise was applied, the arrival could not be cleared. And if the tobacco were to be sent in the other direction, no documents could be raised in country B though they would be required in country A.

    Probably, I guess, there would be administrative tricks that could get around these problems in the short term, and hopefully they will disappear with the proposals put forward by the commission in revising the excise directive, which will hopefully include those aimed at reinvigorating the concept of a harmonized market, in part by tightening up the definition of UT.

    What to Do?

    Nevertheless, two major questions seem to arise. What are logistics companies expected to do in the meantime? There have to be some interim arrangements that mean they can operate efficiently, secure in the knowledge that what they are doing is within the rules.

    The other question has to address why a system that seems to have been working well should be changed. Well, the answer in some people’s eyes seems to be that the court ruling provided a necessity for change—change that would ensure that member states got their cut, though they don’t put it quite like that. Such change would address the problem caused when UT is stolen during transit through the EU, taken to an illicit factory and ends up as a product in the illegal trade, without taxes having been paid on either the unmanufactured or manufactured tobacco.

    In turn, such a way of looking at things raises at least a couple of interesting issues. Firstly, it seems to cast doubt on the idea that the EU, through such initiatives, is pursuing illegal traders at least partly because of health concerns for those who might smoke illicit cigarettes. At its base, the idea is about taxing the tobacco whether or not it gets into the hands of the illegal market; it is about revenue. The other issue is that applying excise to UT could be seen as partly legitimizing the activities of illicit manufacturers. If such a manufacturer steals a truck of UT on which taxes have been paid or are due and turns it into products, those products, I guess, enter the market as excise paid. Even the theft might be disputed by a smart lawyer willing to claim the tobacco fell off the back of a truck.

    It seems to me that we are again being driven toward ridiculously complex reactions because of an unwillingness to trace a problem back to its cause—unfair levels of taxes being applied to combustible cigarettes. If the aim is to reduce the illegal trade in cigarettes, significantly reduce the taxes on them and remove laws requiring licit cigarettes to be unappealing while heavily promoting alternative, low-risk products.

    *While acknowledging that all opinions and errors in this piece are his, the writer would like to thank the following for their help in explaining some of the background and intricacies associated with the commission’s discussions on tobacco excise: William Meyer, senior EU affairs manager, and Peter van der Mark, secretary general at the European Smoking Tobacco Association.

    A Rational Approach: Controlled Atmosphere Systems are Gaining Traction in the Fight Against Tobacco Pests

    In the main article accompanying this sidebar, I finish with my usual rant on what I see as the absurd complexities smuggled into efforts to reduce the illegal trade in tobacco products. So, as a way of introducing some balance, in this piece I would like to contrast such efforts with those being used to combat another problem in which rogue players cause economic damage along the tobacco supply chain. It seems to me that the tobacco industry has in recent years approached the issue of tobacco losses to insects in a rational, proportionate and evolving manner.

    That’s not to say everything has been fixed. It hasn’t, and new problems could arise in the future, as those who have read the companion piece might suspect. If, as seems possible, excise taxes are applied to unmanufactured tobacco in the EU, there will be an even greater incentive for protecting tobacco. Otherwise, tobacco beetles and moths will not only be eating their way through tobacco but also through the excise paid on that tobacco. And while bureaucrats seem keen on complexity, I think they will draw the line at issuing excise rebates on receipt of evidence provided in the form of well-fed beetles.

    Ten years ago, it was said that tobacco worth about $800 million was being lost annually to insects, and so, in an email exchange at the end of January, I asked Rene Luyten, a director of b-Cat, whether the situation had improved or deteriorated since then. He replied that he had no idea about the value of losses but added that he knew that tobacco owners did not sit back and allow problems to overwhelm them. They were always looking to improve the way they protected their tobacco from insects, and that was irrespective of the costs of producing tobacco at any particular time.

    One of the improvements that was made saw, in 2011, controlled atmosphere (CA) systems, which had been used in respect of other commodities and various products for 15 years or more, starting to gain traction with tobacco people—those involved in warehousing, shipping, trading and manufacturing tobacco. Further impetus was provided in 2012 when Coresta issued a guideline for the treatment of tobacco beetles with CA, a guideline that was revised to include the tobacco moths the following year. Used properly, CA offers enormous benefits because it kills all tobacco beetles and moths in all their life cycle stages; it can be used for all types and varieties of leaf tobacco without affecting taste and color, and it can be used for tobacco products.

    Luyten told me that demand for new CA chambers was currently good around the world, as was demand for extensions of installations made previously by some of the early adopters of this technology. And demand is coming from both large and small companies because installations can be geared to the size of the business. On the modest end of the scale, b-Cat, which has been involved in the CA business for more than 50 years, has installed a system with the dimensions of a single 40-foot container while at the other end of the scale it has built a system with a capacity of 63 40-foot containers spread through nine chambers.

    Of course, many leaf tobacco export countries still use chemical insect treatments, mainly because of the high volumes they need to handle and the resulting costs. But because of issues to do with insect resistance to phosphine gas treatments, which became such a huge problem before the adoption of CA systems, manufacturers tend to use CA as the final treatment adjacent to their manufacturing sites. They also tend to favor CA treatments because of issues concerned with the environment and sustainability, issues that drive the part of the continuing R&D effort at b-Cat that is aimed at automating processes so as to minimize energy usage. —G.G.

    George Gay is Tobacco Reporter’s European editor, but his territory spans the globe. Based in London, George has covered the tobacco industry since 1982, initially for a U.K.-based publication and since 2004 for Tobacco Reporter. George’s understanding of industry issues, combined with his keen sense of observation and dry wit, have earned him a loyal following among Tobacco Reporter’s readers.